Die Indoeuropäer und unsere Sprache

Aus atterpedia
Zur Navigation springen Zur Suche springen

Herkunft und Entstehung der Jamnaja-Leute und des Indogermanischen (OFFEN)

Literatur - Animal Husbandry

HHHQ: neolithische Ausbreitung ... Lucy Cramp, Jonathan Ethier, Adina Boroneant, and Maria Ivanova-Bieg: → Regional diversity in subsistence among early farmers in Southeast Europe revealed by archaeological organic residues; Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2019 (SUBJECT: EVOLUTION) OPEN Research & 2019 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

The spread of early farming across Europe from its origins in Southwest Asia was a culturally transformative process which took place over millennia. Within regions, the pace of the transition was probably related to the particular climatic and environmental conditions encountered, as well as the nature of localized hunter– gatherer and farmer interactions. The establishment of farming in the interior of the Balkans represents the first movement of South- west Asian livestock beyond their natural climatic range, and widespread evidence now exists for early pottery being used extensively for dairying. However, pottery lipid residues from sites in the Iron Gates region of the Danube in the northern Balkans show that here, Neolithic pottery was being used predominantly for processing aquatic resources. This stands out not only within the surrounding region but also contrasts markedly with Neolithic pottery use across wider Europe. These findings provide evidence for the strategic diversity within the wider cultural and economic practices during the Neolithic, with this exceptional environmental and cultural setting offering alternative opportunities despite the dominance of farming in the wider region.

HHHQ HHHQ BILDER … Ivana Živaljević, Adrian Balasescu, Éva Ágnes Nyerges, Vesna Dimitrijevic, Eszter Banffy, Krisztián Oross, Ivana Vostrovská, and Maria Ivanova-Bieg: → Seasonal calving in European Prehistoric cattle and its impacts on milk availability and cheese-making; Scientific Reports, Apr 14, 2021; Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by/4. 0/.

Present-day domestic cattle are reproductively active throughout the year, which is a major asset for dairy production. Large wild ungulates, in contrast, are seasonal breeders, as were the last historic representatives of the aurochs, the wild ancestors of cattle. Aseasonal reproduction in cattle is a consequence of domestication and herding, but exactly when this capacity developed in domestic cattle is still unknown and the extent to which early farming communities controlled the seasonality of reproduction is debated. Seasonal or aseasonal calving would have shaped the socioeconomic practices of ancient farming societies differently, structuring the agropastoral calendar and determining milk availability where dairying is attested. In this study, we reconstruct the calving pattern through the analysis of stable oxygen isotope ratios of cattle tooth enamel from 18 sites across Europe, dating from the 6th mill. cal BC (Early Neolithic) in the Balkans to the 4th mill. cal BC (Middle Neolithic) in Western Europe. Seasonal calving prevailed in Europe between the 6th and 4th millennia cal BC. These results suggest that cattle agropastoral systems in Neolithic Europe were strongly constrained by environmental factors, in particular forage resources. The ensuing fluctuations in milk availability would account for cheese-making, transforming a seasonal milk supply into a storable product.


HHHQ Anpassung der Tiere an MITTELEUROPA Eszter Banffy, Maria Ivanova-Bieg, and Jonathan Ethier: → Earliest expansion of animal husbandry beyond the Mediterranean zone in the sixth millennium BC. Scientific Reports 7, 7146, → Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License HHHQ BILD der Ausbreitung !!!

Since their domestication in the Mediterranean zone of Southwest Asia in the eighth millennium BC, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle have been remarkably successful in colonizing a broad variety of environments. The initial steps in this process can be traced back to the dispersal of farming groups into the interior of the Balkans in the early sixth millennium BC, who were the first to introduce Mediterranean livestock beyond its natural climatic range. Here, we combine analysis of biomolecular and isotopic compositions of lipids preserved in prehistoric pottery with faunal analyses of taxonomic composition from the earliest farming sites in southeast Europe to reconstruct this pivotal event in the early history of animal husbandry. We observe a marked divergence between the (sub)Mediterranean and temperate regions of Southeast Europe, and in particular a significant increase of dairying in the biochemical record coupled with a shift to cattle and wild fauna at most sites north of the Balkan mountain range. The findings strongly suggest that dairying was crucial for the expansion of the earliest farming system beyond its native bioclimatic zone. The wild progenitors of the main domestic animals in the Old World are endemic to regions with Mediterranean climate and are adapted to withstand prolonged hot summer droughts and mild but wet winters 1, 2. Since domes-tication, farmers have brought sheep, goats, pigs and cattle to an enormous variety of environments, from semi-deserts to sub-arctic regions. Their present-day distribution, pushed out to the boundaries of the world inhabitable by humans, was mediated through human protection and breeding of animals that thrive under conditions often not tolerated by their wild ancestors. The first steps in this process can be traced back to the farming pioneers of the Balkans who penetrated beyond the borders of the sub-Mediterranean zone of Europe in the early centuries of the sixth millennium BC. How the first Balkan herders succeeded in extending the habitat of their livestock is an intriguing question with pivotal importance for the early history of human-animal relationships. During the later seventh and early sixth millennia BC permanent farming settlements, similar to contemporary sites in the core areas of domestication in southwest Asia, became established in the (sub-)Mediterranean southern Balkans 3, 4. The spread of farming economy into the temperate northern parts of the peninsula, however, was accompanied by pronounced changes, including higher (probably seasonal) residential mobility, smaller community sizes and a loss of sophistication in architecture and material culture 5–8 , a phenomenon which has been designated in the archaeological literature as " the First Temperate Neolithic ". Although the adaptation of herding economy to new bioclimatic conditions has been recognised as a major component of this phenomenon 8–14 , the human strategies which promoted it have remained uncertain.

Literatur (Alteuropa etc.) OFFEN

https://univie.academia.edu/MariaIvanova

TUG-Bibl. Mariya Ivanova: → The Black Sea and the Early Civilizations of Europe, the Near East and Asia; Cambridge University Press

The Black Sea lies at the junction of three major cultural areas: Europe, Central Asia, and the Near East. It plays a crucial role in enduring discussions about the impact of complex Near Eastern societies on European societies, and the repercussions of early urbanization across Eurasia. This book presents the first comprehensive overview of the Black Sea region in the prehistoric period. It penetrates artificial boundaries imposed by traditions, politics, and language to encompass both the European and Asiatic coasts and both Eastern European and Western scholarly literature. With a critical compilation and synthesis of archaeological data, this study situates the prehistoric Black Sea in a global historical context. By adopting the perspective of technology and innovation, it transcends a purely descriptive account of material culture and emphasizes society, human interaction, and engagement with the material world.

404 pages, Hardcover; First published January 1, 2013

Maria Ivanova-Bieg: → Dunkle Übergangszeit? Wandel und Kontinuität im (End)Chalkolithikum an der Unteren Donau. ACTA MUSEI VARNAENSIS VI

Das ausgehende 5. Jt. v. Chr. hat wie keine andere Periode in der frühen Vorgeschichte des Balkans gewagte Theorien, Spekulationen und sich in Axiome verwandelnde Modelle erzeugt. Mit der Erweiterung der archäologischen Datenbasis und der Erschließung neuer Informationen aus Nachbarwissenschaften wie der Archäobiologie und Archäometrie wird die seit den 1980er Jahren geführte Diskussion über eine "Übergangszeit" vom Chalkolithikum zur Frühen Bronzezeit im östlichen Balkan zunehmend unüberschaubarer. Eine zusammenfassende Untersuchung zu dieser Problematik existiert bislang nicht. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Versuch unternommen, archäologische Fakten von Interpretation (oder Fiktion) zu trennen und die bisherigen Modelle im Lichte der aktuellen Erkenntnisse auf den Prüfstand zu stellen. Dabei wird den offenen Fragen und den mutmaßlichen Forschungslücken besondere Beachtung geschenkt.

Literatur (Maikop etc.) OFFEN

Kaukasus und Orient: → Die Entstehung des „Maikop-Phänomens“ im 4. Jahrtausend v.Chr; Prähistor. Zs. 2012

Graves and settlements of the 5th millennium BC in North Caucasus attest to a material culture that was related to contemporaneous archaeological complexes in the northern and western Black Sea region. Yet it was replaced, suddenly as it seems, around the middle of the 4th millennium BC by a “high culture” whose origin is still quite unclear. This archaeological culture named after the great Maikop kurgan showed innovations in all areas which have no local archetypes and which cannot be assigned to the tradition of the Balkan-Anatolian Copper Age. The favoured theory of Russian researchers is a migration from the south originating in the Syro-Anatolian area, which is often mentioned in connection with the so- called “Uruk expansion”. However, serious doubts have arisen about a connection between Maikop and the Syro-Anatolian region. The foreign objects in the North Caucasus reveal no connection to the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris or to the floodplains of Mesopotamia, but rather seem to have ties to the Iranian plateau and to South Central Asia. Recent excavations in the Southwest Caspian Sea region are enabling a new perspective about the interactions between the “Orient” and Continental Europe. On the one hand, it is becoming gradually apparent that a gigantic area of interaction evolved already in the early 4th millennium BC which extended far beyond Mesopotamia; on the other hand, these findings relativise the traditional importance given to Mesopotamia

Maria Ivanova: The chronology of the Maikop culture in the Northern Caucasus: changing perspectives; 2008

The “chieftain’s grave” in the Kurgan of Maikop epitomizes for over a century the spectacular wealth of the North Caucasian Early Bronze Age. Perhaps even more remarkable than the material and artistic value of its objects appears the involvement of North Caucasian society with the developed urban centers of the Near East. Andrew Sherratt insightfully described Maikop as “the world’s first ‘barbarian’ society, generated on the fringe of the area of initial urban expansion” and transmitting lifestyle and technology to the steppe region. The traditional opinion sets this transmission in the context of large-scale urbanization and long-distance state-controlled trade at a developed stage of the Near Eastern economic system. A more recent alternative view, though, perceives Maikop as an offspring of the Near Eastern urban economies and trading networks in their formative phase during the Uruk period. The span of about one thousand years between these two contexts provides reason for an enduring dispute over the chronology of the Maikop period. This paper reviews the available evidence for dating the North Caucasian Early Bronze Age and comments on the recent shift to “high” dating and its implications.

Ivanova, M. 2007. → Tells, invasion theories, and warfare in fifth millennium B.C. North-Eastern Bulgaria, in: Pollard, T. and I. Banks (eds.), War and Sacrifice. Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict. Leiden: Brill 2007, 33-48.

Violence and warfare have generally played a peripheral role in studies of fifth millennium B.C. farming communities of the Lower Danube. This paper aims to reconsider the archaeological evidence of violent conflict in chalcolithic north-eastern Bulgaria with the notion that inter-group conflict was an essential part of prehistoric social life. The focus here is on the role of warfare within the context of small per- manent settlements, essentially settlement mounds, from their establishment around 5000 B.C. to their alleged violent end at the transition between the fifth and fourth millennia B.C.


Indoeuropäer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indo-European: Indo-European culture‎ (17 C, 13 P); Indo-European genetics‎ (11 P); Indo-European history‎ (12 C, 8 P): Indo-European languages‎ (22 C, 32 P); Indo-European peoples‎ (29 C, 41 P); Pre-Indo-Europeans‎ (14 C, 50 P); Indo-European studies‎ (12 C, 23 P); ; Indo-Iranian languages; Inner Asian Mountain Corridor; Indo-European languages; Indo-European studies

Abstammungs-Hypothesen

Jamnaja-Kultur ( sprich: [ˈjamnaja] auf Russisch Ямная - "Grabhügel"; auf Ukrainisch Ямна); → Jamnaja-Kultur; → Indogermanen - Wikipedia; Literatur

Gesellschaft und Kultur

Proto-Indoeuropäisch (PIE) und Bedeutung der Sprache

→ "Versunkene Metropolen - Brennpunkt Hattusa" (Hethiter) ZDFinfo (20.7.2022) - bis 23.6.2023 verfügbar; → Indogermanische Ursprache; → AnthroWiki; → Die Indoeuropäische Fabel; → Frederik Kortlandt: Electronic publications

Erfolg der Jamnaja-Leute ("Indoeuropäer")

Literatur zu den Jamnaja-Leuten (Kurganern)

Vor-Indoeuropäische Sprachen der "Alteuropäer"

Baskisch

Die einzige überlebende vorindogermanische Sprache Europas ist das Baskische.

Ernst Kausen: → "Die baskische Sprache". (Word-Dokument)

Haarmann, H.: Weltgeschichte der Sprachen. Beck´sche Reihe, 2006.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_grammar

Andere Vor-Indoeuropäische Sprachen

Lochner-Hüttenbach, F.: Die Pelasger: (Arbeiten aus dem Institut für vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft, Graz, Heft 6.) Wien, Gerold & Co., 1960, 190 p

→ https://de-academic.com/dic.nsf/dewiki/1089233#Sprache

Stumfohl Helmut: → Die Pelasger (1986) - viele Beispiele im Vergleich zum Griechischen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_language;

Indoeuropäisch

Indoeuropäisch

kompakte Darstellung ...

Indoeuropäische Sprachen

Václav Blazek: → From August Schleicher to Sergei Starostin on the development of the tree-diagram models of the Indo-European languages. The Journal of Indo-European Studies, January 2007 (Stammbäume; Germanisch; Keltisch usw.)

Zimmer, Stefan: → Ursprache, Urvolk und Indogermanisierung - Zur Methode der Indogermanischen Altertumskunde. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Vorträge Heft 46.

Proto-Indo-European language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language
Lower-order reconstructions: Proto-Albanian; Proto-Anatolian; Proto-Armenian; Proto-Balto-Slavic; Proto-Celtic; Proto-Germanic; Proto-Greek; Proto-Indo-Iranian; Proto-Italic; Proto-Tocharian

Proto-language Proto-Indo-European → Indo-European languages; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language
Subdivisions: Albanian; Anatolian † ; Armenian; Balto-Slavic (Baltic and Slavic languages); Celtic; Dacian † ; Germanic; Hellenic; Illyrian † ; Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani); Italic (including Romance languages); Liburnian † ; Lusitanian † ; Messapic † ; Phrygian † ; Thracian † ; Tocharian †

Evolution of the → Indo-European Languages (Video)

Germanisch

Gruppierungen ...

Althochdeutsch

Abrogans-Literatur:

  • Abrogans bearbeitet in den "Geschichtsquellen"
  • Faksimilie-Ausgabe (mit Beschreibung, ausführlichen Einleitungen und Textumschrift in zwei Bänden), herausgegeben von Bernhard Bischoff, Johannes Duft und Stefan Sonderegger (Zollikofer-Fachverlag AG, St. Gallen 1977)

Lateinisch-althochdeutsches Wörterbuch mit ca. 3239 alphabetisch geordneten Einträgen, benannt nach dem ersten Lemma "abrogans = dheomodi (demütig)". Gesichert ist die Entstehung in der zweiten Hälfte des 8. Jh. (780) im oberdeutschen Sprachraum, wahrscheinlich in Alemannien.

Abrogans – illustrierendes Beispiel der ersten Einträge

Der St.Galler Abrogans ist das älteste überlieferte deutsche Buch mit der ältesten Version des Vaterunsers in Althochdeutsch. Die Handschrift enthält drei verschiedene Texte. Den meisten Raum nimmt mit fast 300 Seiten ein Synonymwörterbuch ein. Es erklärt schwer verständliche lateinische Begriffe mit Synonymen in geläufigerem Latein und übersetzt beide Wörter jedes Begriffspaars ins Althochdeutsche. Erst auf der vorletzten Seite steht schliesslich das berühmte «Fater unseer» und auf der letzten Seite das Credo, das christliche Glaubensbekenntnis, ebenfalls in Althochdeutsch.

Der Abrogans verdankt seinen Titel dem ersten lateinischen Begriff im Synonymwörterbuch. "Abrogans" wird dort mit dem geläufigeren humilis gleichgesetzt und mit «bescheiden» und «demütig» übersetzt. «Bescheiden» ist auch die Aufmachung des Buchs. Lediglich 17 × 10,5 Zentimeter gross, hat es als reine Gebrauchshandschrift keinerlei repräsentativen Charakter. Es besteht aus qualitativ minderwertigen Pergamentrandstücken von unregelmässigem Schnitt und mit vielen Löchern.

Das → St.Galler Vaterunser (hier auf Seite 320 im Abrogans abgebildet) ist der älteste überlieferte zusammenhängende Text im althochdeutschen Dialekt (Alemannien, Bayern).

Fater unseer – Pater noster – Vaterunser
althochdeutsch lateinisch neuhochdeutsch
Fater unseer Pater noster, Vater unser,
thu pist in himile qui es in caelis: der du bist im Himmel,
wihi namun dinan. sanctificetur nomen tuum. geheiligt werde dein Name;
qhueme rihhi din Adveniat regnum tuum. Dein Reich komme
werde willo diin Fiat voluntas tua, Dein Wille geschehe,
so in himile sosa in erdu. sicut in caelo, et in terra. wie im Himmel, so auch auf Erden.
prooth unseer emezzihic kip uns hiutu Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie. Unser tägliches Brot gib uns heute;
oblaz uns sculdi unseero Et dimitte nobis debita nostra, und vergib uns unsere Schuld,
so wir oblazem uns sculdikem sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. wie auch wir vergeben unsern Schuldigern;
enti ni unsih firleiti in khorunka Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, und führe uns nicht in Versuchung,
uzzer losi unsih fona ubile. sed libera nos a malo. sondern erlöse uns von dem Übel.


kilaubu – Credo – Ich glaube
althochdeutsch lateinisch neuhochdeutsch
kilaubu Credo Ich glaube
in kot fater almahticum in Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, an Gott, den allmächtigen Vater,
kiscat himiles enti erda Creatorem caeli et terrae. den Schöpfer des Himmels und der Erde.
enti in Ihesum christ sun sinan ainacun unseran truhtin Et in Jesum Christum, filium eius unicum, Dominum nostrum: Und an Jesus Christus, seinen eingeborenen Sohn, unseren Herrn,
der inphangan ist fona wihemu keiste qui conceptus est de Spiritu sancto, empfangen durch den Heiligen Geist,
kiporan fona mariun macadi ewikeru natus ex Maria Virgine, geboren von der Jungfrau Maria,
kimartrot in kiuualtiu pilates passus sub Pontio Pilato, gelitten unter Pontius Pilatus
in cruce pislacan tot enti picrapan crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus, gekreuzigt, gestorben und begraben,
stehic in wizzi descendit ad inferos: hinabgestiegen in das Reich des Todes,
in drittin take erstoont fona totem tertia die resurrexit a mortuis; am dritten Tage auferstanden von den Toten,
stehic in himil ascendit ad caelos; aufgefahren in den Himmel;
sizit az zesuun cotes fateres almahtikin sedet ad dexteram Dei patris omnipotentis: er sitzt zur Rechten Gottes, des allmächtigen Vaters:
dhana chuimftic ist sonen qhuekhe enti tote inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos. von dort wird er kommen, zu richten die Lebenden und Toten.
kilaubu in wihan keistn in wiha khirihhun catholica Credo in Spiritum sanctum, sanctam ecclesiam catholicam, Ich glaube an den Heiligen Geist, die heilige katholische Kirche,
wihero kemeinitha sanctorum communionem, Gemeinschaft der Heiligen,
urlaz suntikero remissionem peccatorum, Vergebung der Sünden,
fleiskes urstodali carnis resurrectionem, Auferstehung der Toten
in liip ewikan; amen. et vitam aeternam. Amen. und das ewige Leben. Amen.

Mittelhochdeutsch

Neuhochdeutsch

Untersperger, Eva Katharina: → Der Dialekt von Weyregg am Attersee.- Univ. Wien; Diplomarbeit 2009, 102 S. (Anm.: ausgezeichnete und rare Darstellung zur historischen Herleitung des Dialekts des Attergaus aus dem Mittelhochdeutschen: Zu jedem mittelhochdeutschen Laut wird die Entwicklung zur heutigen dialektalen Lautung in der Weyregger Mundart angegeben.)

Eberhard Kranzmayers: → „Historische Lautgeographie des gesamtbairischen Dialektraumes“. Wien 1956, 164 Seiten. (beschreibt die Veränderungen der bairischen Dialekte bis vor ca. 50 Jahren)

Ricek, Erich Wilhelm: → Mundartliche Pflanzennamen aus dem Attergau. JB-OÖMV 1981, S. 189-228.

... einfache Regeln, um aus der Mundart "Hochdeutsch" zu sprechen.

Zur Bedeutung von Sprache

Andrew Carnie, Dan Siddiqi, Yosuke Sato (Eds.): &rarr: The Routledge Handbook of Syntax; (E-BOOK)

Farzad Shari fian (Ed.): → The Routledge Handbook of Language and Culture. 2015. 522 pages.

The Routledge Handbook of Language and Culture presents the first comprehensive survey of research on the relationship between language and culture. It provides readers with a clear and accessible introduction to both interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary studies of language and culture, and addresses key issues of language and culturally based linguistic research from a variety of perspectives and theoretical frameworks.

This Handbook features thirty-three newly commissioned chapters which:

  • cover key areas such as cognitive psychology, cognitive linguistics, cognitive anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and sociolinguistics
  • offer insights into the historical development, contemporary theory, research, and practice of each topic, and explore the potential future directions of the field
  • show readers how language and culture research can be of practical benefit to applied areas of research and practice, such as intercultural communication and second language teaching and learning.

Written by a group of prominent scholars from around the globe, The Routledge Handbook of Language and Culture provides a vital resource for scholars and students working in this area.

Abgerufen von „https://www.atterpedia.at/index.php?title=Die_Indoeuropäer_und_unsere_Sprache&oldid=23139“